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Ethnic Conflict in Sub Saharan Africa

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Recent intercommunal conflicts in Chad, Cote d’Ivoire, DR Congo, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan and Zimbabwe bring to mind the role of a certain ethnocentrism or tribalism in  conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa .  In Rwanda, the genocide that took place because of enmity between Hutus and Tutsis has become our contemporary example of tribalism gone wild and uncontrolled. Similar conflicts in Kenya between the Luos and Kikuyus, in Liberia between the Americo-Liberians and the native Africans, in Nigeria between Northern Hausa/Fulani and the Southern Ibos and/or Yorubas have been equally violent and tragic ( map image from  here ). What we are yet to uncover is a mapping of how ethnic differences become prominent; in the narrative reports from the recent conflicts in Kenya, there were incidents of long-time neighbors turning against each other; we find the same narratives from Rwanda and Liberia where neighbors and friends become enemies overn...
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How King Ryangombe of the Bakimbiri, Queen Kitami of the Abaishekatwa and King Kahaya of the Bashambo formed Mpororo Kingdom.

Prior to the mid-1700s, the area a Kingdom called Mpororo was formed - This was as a result of agreements between three influencial groups that had emerged out of the wars between Bunyoro,Rwanda and Busongora.These three groups were the Bakimbiri led by King Ryangombe,the abaishekatwa led by Queen Kitami and Bashambo led by Kahaya Rutindangyenzi. After the defeat and death of the King of Bunyoro in a war with Rwanda Kingdom, a power vacuum was formed which led to wars between various groups. By the 17th century, three groups in the region had stood their ground and the most powerful of them being the Bashambo led by Kahaya Rutindangyenzi who took advantage of the power vacuum left by the King of Bunyoro. Kahaya reached out to the three groups that is the Bakimbiri through their King Ryangombe and Abaishekatwa to form one united Kingdom of Mpororo. That was the beginning of the Mpororo Kingdom. The Bakimbiri being mainly businessmen,miners and forgers of weapons were grant...
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Comparison of electricity tariffs across Africa

Access to electricity is only 20 percent in Zambia, less than half of what is found among the relevant African peer groups. Power access lags behind in both urban and rural areas, but the gap for rural electrification is particularly large — more than 3 percent in Zambia versus 30 percent in the peer groups. Not only is access low, but it has also been stagnant over time. Only 0.5 percent of the Zambian population is newly electrified each year, compared with 2 percent in the peer groups. While power is relatively abundant in Zambia, much of that power is going to the mining sector, leaving relatively little for domestic consumption. Low power tariffs undermine the sustainability of the power sector. At $0.03 – $0.04 per kWh, Zambia has some of the lowest power tariffs in Africa (figure 8). Looking across the developing world, Zambia’s power tariffs fall below the typical price range of $0.05 –$0.10 per kWh. While Zambia’s power production costs are low, tariffs are lower. Both histori...
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